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News from the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Interview: James M.
Raczynski, Ph.D.
Fish Scales and Social Capital: Public Health College Will Enhance Research, Education, and Prevention to Reduce Infectious and Chronic Disease
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JULY 2, 2002 | In written answers to recent interview questions, the incoming dean of the
College of Public Health at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
(UAMS) used the words collaboration and collaborative 14 times.
"One of the main reasons that I'm coming here is the spirit of collaboration that permeates
UAMS," James M. Raczynski, Ph.D., now chair of the Department of Health Behavior in the School of Public Health and director of the Center for Health Promotion at the University of Alabama at Birmingham
(UAB), said.
UAMS established the new college thanks to funding from the state's share of the nationwide
tobacco
settlement. Dr. Raczynski paid tribute to the many leading and innovative thinkers on public health strategy and health policy at
UAMS, the Arkansas Department of Health, and elsewhere in the state who contributed to planning for use of these funds. He also complimented the Governor and other political leaders for their role in taking this landmark step to improve the health of Arkansans.
As an interdisciplinary field, modern public health is essentially about collaboration and innovation among public health practitioners, researchers, policymakers, and health care providers. Dean
Pro Tem Thomas A. Bruce, M.D.'s precedent for collaboration with other academic programs at UAMS and elsewhere in the state, including other campuses in the University of Arkansas System; Arkansas State University; University of Central Arkansas; and the state Department of Health convinced Dr. Raczynski to
come to Arkansas, he said.
"We have an opportunity to create a model for others to follow," Dr. Raczynski said.
The UAMS Today interview of Dr. Raczynski follows:
What are the fundamental contemporary issues of public health?
Can you briefly describe a model College of Public Health?
The College of Public Health has been promoted as a training program for county-level employees of the Arkansas
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Dean Pro Tem Thomas A. Bruce, M.D., showed Founding Dean James M. Raczynski, Ph.D., an architect's drawing of the new College of Public Health building in June. (JohnPaul Jones)
Fay Boozman, M.D., director of the Arkansas Department of Health (right) met with incoming dean James M. Raczynski in June. (JohnPaul Jones)
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Department of Health. What specifically will the master of public health degree prepare those workers to do better or differently?
Is public education on health topics the most important responsibility of the public health professional?
Dean E. Albert Reece, M.D., Ph.D., M.B.A., of the College of Medicine has emphasized the importance of collaborations between physicians and basic scientists in basic and clinical research. Do you foresee collaborations between
COPH faculty and other researchers at UAMS?
Chancellor I. Dodd Wilson, M.D., has suggested that current genetic research - at UAMS and elsewhere - may contribute to solving public health problems. Can you comment on that?
Are there important environmental
public health issues in Arkansas that the College will address?
Leaders in the Department of Pediatrics of the UAMS College of Medicine and at Arkansas Children's Hospital (ACH) are interested in having a greater impact on the public health of children in the state. Can you identify any specific areas or programs where the College of Public Health might have a role?
Obesity and smoking are commonly blamed for many health problems. What can the field of public health do to reduce these unhealthy behaviors?
Methamphetamine addiction is a rapidly growing problem in Arkansas. Do you see a role for the College of Public Health in that area? What about other mental health problems - do you regard them as public health problems and, if so, what can the College do to help address them?
Can you briefly explain the relationship of ethnicity to public health? Are there important issues of ethnicity in public health in Arkansas?
Will the College offer a doctoral degree and if so, how soon?
Can you provide any information about upcoming faculty appointments in the College?
Do you anticipate that the College will collaborate in any specific ways with the planned Clinton School of Public Service?
What are the fundamental contemporary issues of public health?
Most people don't know too much about what public health is and commonly think that it's only about inspecting restaurants and providing some clinical services to those who can't afford the services elsewhere. Of course, public health has recently received a great deal of attention with current concerns about bioterriorism. Our public health system must, of course, be prepared to watch for evidence of bioterriorism and be prepared for rapid response. But, many more people die or become disabled every day from infectious and chronic diseases than have ever been afflicted by bioterriorism. Public health, from its population and prevention of disease perspectives rather than the individual patient perspective of traditional medicine, can do much to reduce the burden of chronic and infectious diseases. There's clearly much to be done in our communities - in terms of protecting people from bioterrorism and reducing their risks of chronic and infectious diseases, thereby preventing diseases and promoting health.
Can you briefly describe a model College of Public Health?
With the focus in the College of Public Health on populations and prevention, a key aspect of which is changing policies to reduce risks and promote health, the new college's degree programs will complement others being offered at UAMS for the general public. It is my expectation that we will also be able to attract students from across UAMS who want to learn more about population-based and prevention approaches. I strongly believe that the College of Public Health will not only be a resource for a different perspective but that we'll also be able to complement UAMS's regional programs, including the Area Health Education Centers (AHECs) and the satellites of the Donald W. Reynolds Center on Aging. The college will participate in training other health professionals for Arkansas, professionals capable of treating people within their particular area of expertise but also able to work with individuals and communities to prevent disease.
The College of Public Health has been promoted as a training program for county-level employees of the Arkansas Department of Health. What specifically will the master of public health degree prepare those workers to do better or differently?
The College of Public Health currently offers both a post-baccalaureate certificate and a master's in public health (MPH) with both generalist and specialist tracks. Dr. Bruce and his associate and assistant deans
pro tem, and the chairs and vice chairs pro tem really deserve a tremendous amount of credit for getting these programs up and going in such a short time.
Much of the workforce in all state health departments in this country is, surprisingly to most of us, largely composed of people with no formal or very little public health training. This was appropriate when health departments were providing direct clinical care and safe-guarding the cleanliness of our drinking water and the safety of our food.
As risks from unclean water and unsafe food have declined with safe practices becoming institutionalized, the discipline of public health has changed. Chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer, have emerged as the leading causes of death and disability, and new infectious diseases have spread, including HIV/AIDS, to threaten our lives. We're also now in a better position to prevent these health problems, as we've learned more about what causes them and places us at risk for them. And, of course, there are new public health threats arising from bioterrorism and the resurgence of tuberculosis.
Additionally, there have been changes in the way that medical care is provided for those who cannot afford to pay for it
- UAMS, in particular, has been a national leader in the development of Area Health Education Centers (AHECs) to increase access to care for those who need it. Health departments need to change to keep up with these other changes.
Everyone knows that these changes in public health practice are coming, but few are doing anything to prepare themselves and their states for these changes. In contrast, under the truly visionary leadership of Drs. Fay Boozman, director, and Joe Bates, deputy director, the Arkansas Department of Health is emerging as a national leader in systematically planning for these changes. And, key to making these changes are the training programs necessary for meeting the new objectives in the health department. The College of Public Health must be there to help train the workforce.
More specifically, the post-baccalaureate certificate is really intended to provide a well-rounded exposure to the key components of modern public health. The generalist MPH is designed to prepare health professionals and public health leaders to critically assess and resolve public health problems by drawing on knowledge and skills in a variety of relevant disciplines. The specialist MPH is designed to prepare students to enter a specialized field such as management for health care organizations, orcontrol of environmental hazards in an industrial setting, or the pursuit of a doctorate degree in a specialized area.
Is public education on health topics the most important responsibility of the public health professional?
Although consistent and clear information is important in helping people change their behavior and reduce their risks for diseases, information is often not sufficient to change behavior, and alone is certainly not enough to maximize people's changes. Everyone knows the health risks from smoking, being overweight, and not getting appropriate physical activity, but this knowledge alone is not sufficient to help people maintain healthy lifestyles. Community-based approaches to maximize people's likelihood of maintaining a healthy lifestyle involve multiple components. For example, policy approaches can address such issues as second-hand smoke and construction of sidewalks, walking/hiking trails, and bike lanes, all of which serve to promote physical activity. This is why public policy has been emphasized so much during the planning for the college. Beyond policy approaches, a comprehensive community-based approach also involves increasing access to healthy behavioral programs and promoting healthy lifestyle role models.
As an example of what I mean by this multiple component approach, my colleagues and I at UAB have been collaborating with our state and local health departments to implement a number of programs that build on one another in the "black belt" region of Alabama, a region named because of the color of the soil, not the color of the skin of the people, although the population in this region is predominately African American. Just to give you a few examples of the many activities in progress ... health information is being widely dispersed throughout the area through media channels and meetings and training offered to identified lay leaders in the area. These lay leaders are effective in making changes of their own and serving as role models for others to make changes, further disseminating information throughout their communities, and organizing nutrition, smoking cessation and even aerobic classes with our assistance and support. Policy and environmental changes come into play with the development such as with the development of walking trails, advocacy for the installation of lights around a high school track to allow walking/jogging in the evening and early morning, and organizing farmer's markets to provide access to fresh fruits and vegetables. It is through these and many other systematic and coordinated efforts that people can be supported in achieving healthier lifestyles.
Dean E. Albert Reece, M.D., Ph.D., M.B.A., of the College of Medicine has emphasized the importance of collaborations between physicians and basic scientists in basic and clinical research. Do you foresee collaborations between
COPH faculty and other researchers at UAMS?
Definitely! UAB, where I remained for 21 years before making plans to join the colleagues in the new college here, seems much like UAMS in this regard. I used to say that a true testament to UAB's collaborative spirit was my own position. I headed a research unit in the Department of Medicine in the School of Medicine, which is where my primary appointment was, but I also chaired a department and directed a center in the UAB School of Public Health. And, in the Center for Health Promotion (CHP), which I directed for nine years at UAB, we had more than 150 faculty from 10 of the 12 schools at UAB, representing more than 50 different academic units, as well as the state health department and several other academic institutions in Alabama. It is this interdisciplinary collaboration that many of us believe enabled our center to successfully compete for more projects and more funding from the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) than any of the other 25 universities funded as part of CDC's Prevention Research Center program. We were particularly proud of this record, given the caliber of other universities funded in this program, such as Harvard University, the University of North Carolina, the University of Michigan, and Johns Hopkins University. So, collaboration is what I'm used to, and it's what I strongly believe maximizes the productivity of faculty and ultimately benefits the institution and the people in the state. And, public health, by its very definition, is interdisciplinary - you simply can't address the infectious and chronic health issues of the public in comprehensive and aggressive ways without actively engaging other health professionals and community leaders. During my initial meetings and discussions with Chancellor Wilson, the other deans, other academic leaders of UAMS, and certainly everyone I've met within the
COPH, I've been extremely pleased that everyone seems to feel the same.
Let me add that interdisciplinary collaboration will also extend to our educational programs. Almost all of the current faculty in the
COPH have secondary and adjunct appointments. While some of these adjunct appointments are based on collaborations that Dr. Bruce has cultivated outside UAMS, most of the current
COPH faculty members are secondary appointments from faculty in other colleges at UAMS. We will begin hiring more faculty with primary appointments in the college, but I hope that we will also maintain the active participation of secondary and adjunct faculty to maintain an interdisciplinary and public health practice perspective in our training programs and our students. I believe that there's strong consensus, both within and outside the college, that the
COPH will continue to be very collaborative as both research and training programs are further developed.
Chancellor I. Dodd Wilson, M.D., has suggested that current genetic research - at UAMS and elsewhere - may contribute to solving public health problems. Can you comment on that?
There is no question that genetic research will affect public health research and practice.
First, if we can identify individuals through genetic markers who are at risk for certain diseases, then we may be able to target prevention efforts more effectively. Of course, we do this already to some extent - family history of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancer, for instance, are already established risk factors and are considered, along with other risk factors, in determining individual recommendations for prevention. However, with the identification of better genetic markers, we may be able to target these prevention efforts more precisely.
Second, we may be able to identify genetic markers that determine who responds adversely to certain environmental exposures. For example, research already suggests that we may able to identify genes which determine who will develop respiratory problems upon exposure to air pollution.
Third, we may be able to find genetic markers that determine how likely people are to be able to change certain risk behaviors. For instance, mounting evidence suggests that we may eventually be able to identify people who may have greater difficulty in quitting smoking. If so, we may be able to develop better approaches for these people to help them sustain their smoking cessation attempts. As research continues, I'm sure that we will find other ways in which genetic research will affect public health practice to help people lower their risk and prevent diseases, thus promoting health and enhancing quality of life.
Are there important environmental
public health issues in Arkansas that the College will address?
The COPH has established a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health. Since Arkansas has a significant rural population and a significant agricultural economic base, Jay Gandy, Ph.D., chair
pro tem, and his faculty have already planned to build the department to address numerous rural health environmental issues. These will include pesticide health risks and safety, agricultural worker health protection, and health delivery to rural populations. Scientists in the
COPH are currently working with the Arkansas Department of Health to develop a statewide bio-monitoring laboratory that will be available to provide the analytical component to investigate environmental factors that affect health and will ultimately help to identify and prevent diseases resulting from exposure to toxic substances.
Of course, any discussion of environmental health today must consider the emergency response to terrorist threats from chemical or biological agents. Last November, the
COPH Department of Environmental and Occupation Health joined local and regional emergency responders to offer a seminar on preparedness for biological attacks, and UAMS faculty members traveled the state to give presentations about chemical and biological threats to different hospitals and physician groups. We anticipate that the
COPH will continue to be very active in this area and will broaden its activities to include accidental chemical spills and risks to residential communities.
Leaders in the Department of Pediatrics of the UAMS College of Medicine and at Arkansas Children's Hospital (ACH) are interested in having a greater impact on the public health of children in the state. Can you identify any specific areas or programs where the College of Public Health might have a role?
During my last visit to Little Rock, I had a chance to meet with Debra Fiser, M.D., chair of the Department of Pediatrics, to learn more about the department and Arkansas Children's Hospital. I was certainly impressed by the strength of the clinical, research, and service programs of the department and hospital. Our goal in the
COPH is going to be to complement the expertise, infrastructure and programs already available at UAMS and elsewhere in Arkansas, including at the Children's Hospital. This will first involve critically examining the role and the contributions that each individual faculty member will make to build on the expertise and programs already available.
In hiring faculty in the two academic units that I headed at UAB over the past 15 or so years, we've always held two principles in mind: to follow what one of my faculty members referred to as a "fish scale" model, in which we tried to hire faculty who overlapped in interests with three or four other faculty while covering some new area of specialty, in order to build on existing expertise and programs; and to make sure that we only hired faculty who were truly collaborative and enjoyed working with others. After all, collaborative, interdisciplinary efforts are the key to good public health efforts that will benefit Arkansans. So, I expect that the
COPH will work with Dr. Fiser and her faculty as we hire faculty to improve the health of Arkansans' children.
We will also be working with others to determine what infrastructure is needed to accomplish our goals. As one example of what I'm talking about, my wife, Martha M. Phillips, Ph.D., M.P.H., M.B.A., and I have been part of a group of faculty and staff at UAB in our Center for Health Promotion that developed a Survey Research Unit.
(Editor's note: Dr. Phillips will be joining the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences in the UAMS College of Medicine.) You can't really set program priorities and evaluate the impact of community programs unless you have reliable information about the communities in which you work, so some form of survey capability is essential. We were able to scrape together funding to develop a computer-assisted telephone interviewing system, which at the time of our departure was scheduled to increase to 30 interview stations, and supports an increasing number of research initiatives each year, numbering more than two dozen at present. Of course, there may already be a survey research unit in the University of Arkansas System, and certainly there is no need to duplicate existing services or programs. Rather, by working with existing programs at UAMS and throughout the state, I hope that the
COPH will be able to complement existing strengths as we develop our
COPH faculty and help in identifying and developing the infrastructure that's needed to foster and support high quality public health initiatives in Arkansas. Obviously, with the strong public health programs and plans of the Department of Pediatrics as well as other groups such as the Health Department, there needs to be strong representation of these existing programs in this planning for infrastructure development.
Obesity and smoking are commonly blamed for many health problems. What can the field of public health do to reduce these unhealthy behaviors?
Obesity and smoking are major risk factors for many chronic diseases. When you throw physical activity into the group, particularly since it is critically related to obesity, you have the three major preventable causes of death and disability in this country. On one level, these behaviors are simple - if you want to reduce your risk for chronic disease, you don't smoke, you control your weight, and you get plenty of physical activity. Obviously, however, controlling these risk factors is not as simple as just getting this message to people. These behaviors are determined by what we're taught as we grow up; our attitudes and beliefs; the environment around us, which is influenced by policies and industry decisions in regard to food and tobacco products; our own personal psychosocial issues; and the support that we get from family and friends to change unhealthy behaviors and maintain healthy ones.
Another issue is whether we're trying to prevent a risk factor or help people control a risk factor. For example, helping people to not begin smoking may be different from helping people quit smoking. The approaches needed to help people who have quit smoking to continue to be abstinent may also differ. Even among those who currently smoke, different approaches are needed: for those who are ready to quit, only information about how to successfully quit through some form of self-help or structured program may be needed; however, for those who are not ready to quit, giving them information on how to quit may not only be a wasted effort but may actually result in them being more confirmed smokers and more resistant to quitting.
So, you see, when you step back, these seemingly simple issues are quite complex. Figuring out solutions to these complex problems is what public health is about.
I'd already mentioned that I'm a strong believer in comprehensive approaches, which need to be systematically and purposively approached, such as the Arkansas Health Department is doing under the leadership of Drs. Boozman and Bates. These comprehensive approaches must involve: making sure that we have methods in place to educate people in Arkansas with clear and consistent information that reaches all segments and all ages of our population; community involvement to ensure that community leaders are working toward the same goals, serving as good role models, and helping to tailor efforts to local needs; the support of other health professionals (doctors, nurses, dentists, optometrists, and others) to enlist their support and assistance in working toward these common goals; policies to limit public exposure to tobacco smoke and sale of tobacco products to our children, access to safe and attractive areas for walking and other forms of physical activity, and access to healthy food choices in our schools and communities; and, finally, programs to help people who smoke, are overweight, and/or are physically inactive change these behaviors and maintain these changes. This is just a brief overview of what we, those of us involved in public health, think of as comprehensive approaches to the complex task of promoting healthy behaviors and, ultimately, promoting people's health.
Methamphetamine addiction is a rapidly growing problem in Arkansas. Do you see a role for the College of Public Health in that area? What about other mental health problems - do you regard them as public health problems and, if so, what can the College do to help address them?
When I'm able to get to Arkansas full-time in September, I hope to be able to get out, see Arkansas, and meet people in the state. However, I can tell you that when I visit communities in Alabama and ask people what their concerns are for their families and communities, I usually hear issues such as diabetes, hypertension, and smoking - what one might think of as expected public health issues. Yet in many of the communities in which we work that are high in unemployment, low in access to medical care, and high in health problems, people also commonly mention hopelessness, depression, and substance abuse. I expect that I'll hear these same priorities when I'm able to get out and talk to Arkansans.
In my opinion, there are a couple of points to be made in discussing how public health should relate to substance abuse and what can be considered mental health issues. First, substance abuse and some mental health problems, such as depression, are related to physical health problems. As examples, using crack cocaine can result in a heart attack, and excessive alcohol intake has many adverse health effects on the body. Also, depression seems to have a strong influence on people's course after having a heart attack, and, some studies now suggest, even increase our risk for developing health problems. So, mental health and physical health are often not easy to separate.
Second, often the causes of some mental health and physical health problems may be the same, and the way to prevent them may be the same. For example, adolescents' risky behaviors involved in their decisions to have sex or not, affecting their risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), HIV, and pregnancy, may be the same as those involved in their deciding whether to use drugs and drink alcohol. Preventive approaches for STDs, HIV, and substance use among adolescents seem to involve similar approaches, in terms of promoting their involvement in extracurricular activities and developing a positive future goal orientation. And, these same preventive approaches appear to result in our children being less to become involved in violence, more likely to stay active in school, and be more likely to lead happy and productive lives.
Finally, one should consider that the mental health system is typically, in many ways, comparable to our physical health system, and is focused largely on treating individuals. Public health, as we've discussed, is focused on a population- or community-based perspective and on preventing risk factors and preventing diseases and other health problems.
So, yes, I strongly believe that researchers and practitioners in public health should be closely working with those in mental health areas to lend our community-based and prevention perspective to substance abuse and mental health issues - mental health service and public health practice can, and should in my opinion, be very complementary and be working very closely together. Dr. Rick Smith, chairman of the UAMS
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences, and I have already had a brief opportunity to discuss some of these issues, and I think that I can speak for both of us in saying that we see these issues similarly and anticipate his department and the
COPH working closely together in addressing them.
Can you briefly explain the relationship of ethnicity to public health? Are there important issues of ethnicity in public health in Arkansas?
Much of my own research has involved trying to understand what accounts for greater rates of death and disability among African Americans for many health problems and trying to develop programs to address these racial and ethnic disparities. Most of my activities in regard to racial and ethnic health disparities have focused on coronary heart disease, although I've also been involved in projects examining cancer and oral health. This topic is complex. Some of these health disparities are likely based on low incomes; poor access to health care, including information regarding risk factors and prevention; opportunities to reduce risks; and working and living where there are more environmental risks. Some of the reason for health disparities is undoubtedly the result of greater prevalence of overweight and obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, and hypertension. There is also speculation that differences in stress and associated psychosocial factors may account for at least a portion of these health disparities.
I had an opportunity during my last visit to meet with Dr. James Suen, director of the
Arkansas Cancer Research Center (ACRC), and Dr. Richard Nicholas, director of cancer education at ACRC, and to learn a little about the
Witness
Project. We've done some related work in Alabama with lay health advisors, as I'd mentioned earlier, trying to reduce smoking and promote physical activity and beneficial dietary changes. Since there are many people who are eager to learn about how they can improve their communities and help their neighbors, these approaches that give them the information that they need can be very effective. And, since many ethnic minority communities are rich in networks, these approaches can be particularly powerful. Hence, I'm really pleased to see these efforts already in progress in Arkansas.
I might also add that these approaches also commonly have indirect benefits. People in public health have become very interested lately in what is termed "social capital" to describe the willingness and ability of people and agencies in a community to work with one another for the benefit of their community. Social capital is thought to be built on trust, and as people and agencies engage in productive efforts to work together, more social capital is built. So, organizing lay health advisors, offering them opportunities to learn more about approaches to address problems in their communities, and letting them work together often results in them being more willing to work together to address other issues of importance to their community. The ripple effects of these efforts can really extend the impact of the initial program far beyond what was intended.
Will the College offer a doctoral degree and if so, how soon?
Yes, we undoubtedly will. However, I really can't give you any details about this yet, except to note that we must have a doctoral degree program in order to achieve accreditation. Even if a doctoral program wasn't required for accreditation, I believe that there would be strong interest in pursuing doctoral programs in key areas to provide some additional professional leadership for the Arkansas public health workforce. Dr. Bruce and other
COPH leaders have done a tremendous job in bringing the college to the point that it now has an MPH program with more than 80 students. However, we must hire a faculty with primary appointments in the college and allow each chair with his or her faculty to begin strategic planning that will feed into college-wide planning to determine our priorities. These priorities, along with those identified for the state, will determine areas in which we will pursue PhD programs.
Can you provide any information about upcoming faculty appointments in the College?
I am extremely pleased that Dr. Bruce has already authorized several searches that are in progress. Several candidates have already been interviewed, and more are planned. As I've already mentioned, a lot of momentum has already been developed for the college, and I have no intention of slowing this momentum down in anticipation of my full-time arrival on September 1. And, I have complete confidence in Dr. Bruce and departmental leadership to make decisions in my absence. So, I anticipate that these searches will successfully conclude and that Dr. Bruce will be able to make the announcement of appointments.
I might also mention that a number of colleagues from UAB have expressed an interest in learning more about the
COPH and UAMS and are also scheduled for visits over the course of the summer - I'm very flattered that my move to UAMS and my excitement over what I've learned about opportunities here has also generated a lot of excitement and interest at UAB. However, I really can't speculate about the outcome of these visits, either. Although I've worked with many of these people for quite some time, moves such as these are obviously complex and involve not only professional issues but personal ones as well. Nonetheless, I am very optimistic that at least some of my UAB colleagues will choose to join us in helping to build a strong new college.
Do you anticipate that the College will collaborate in any specific ways with the planned Clinton School of Public Service?
I've had several very preliminary discussions with people about how the
COPH might be able to fit in and support plans for the Clinton School. I certainly believe, based on what I've been told about plans for the school, that there will be a mutually beneficial collaboration. However, discussions have been so preliminary at this point that I can't really speculate on specifics.
Links on This Page
College of Public Health: http://www.uams.edu/coph/default.htm
Department of Health Behavior: http://www.uab.edu/healthbehavior/faculty/raczynski.htm
Tobacco settlement: http://www.artobaccosettlement.org/
Department of Pediatrics: http://pediatrics.ach.uams.edu/
Department of Psychiatry: http://www.psych.uams.edu/
Arkansas Cancer Research Center: http://www.acrc.uams.edu/
Witness Project: http://www.acrc.uams.edu/outreach/witnessproject/index.html
"A Great Day for Arkansas...": http://www.uams.edu/today/2002/070202/cphtopping.htm
Arkansas CARES: http://www.uams.edu/today/2002/052302/arcares.htm
Alabama Public Health Leader: http://www.uams.edu/today/2002/052202/raczynski.htm
Birth Defects: http://www.uams.edu/today/2002/050902/birth_defects.htm
UAMS to Study: http://www.uams.edu/today/112901/insurance.htm
Thomas A. Bruce: http://www.uams.edu/info/NewsReleases/2001/071701a.htm
(c) 2002 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS). A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "UAMS," "UAMS Medical Center," "UAMS Online," "UAMS Today," "uams.edu," and "Here's to Your Health" are marks of UAMS.
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